torch.gradient#
- torch.gradient(input, *, spacing=1, dim=None, edge_order=1) List of Tensors #
使用 二阶精度中心差分法 估算函数 的梯度,并使用一阶或二阶边界估计。
使用样本估计的梯度。默认情况下,当未指定
spacing
时,样本完全由input
描述,输入坐标到输出的映射与张量索引到值的映射相同。例如,对于一个三维input
,描述的函数是,并且。当指定
spacing
时,它会修改input
与输入坐标之间的关系。这将在下面的“关键字参数”部分详细说明。梯度是通过独立估计的每个偏导数来估计的。如果属于(即至少有3个连续导数),则该估计是准确的,并且可以通过提供更接近的样本来改进估计。从数学上讲,每个内部点的偏导数使用带余项的泰勒定理进行估计。令为内部点,其左侧和右侧邻近点分别为和,和可以这样估计:
利用这一事实,并求解线性方程组,我们推导出:
注意
我们以同样的方式估计复域中函数的梯度。
边界点处每个偏导数的值的计算方式不同。请参阅下面的 edge_order。
- 参数
input (
Tensor
) – 表示函数值的张量- 关键字参数
spacing (
scalar
,list of scalar
,list of Tensor
, optional) –spacing
可用于修改input
张量的索引与样本坐标之间的关系。如果spacing
是一个标量,则索引乘以该标量以生成坐标。例如,如果spacing=2
,则索引(1, 2, 3)变为坐标(2, 4, 6)。如果spacing
是标量列表,则相应的索引会被乘以。例如,如果spacing=(2, -1, 3)
,则索引(1, 2, 3)变为坐标(2, -2, 9)。最后,如果spacing
是包含一维张量的列表,则每个张量指定对应维度的坐标。例如,如果索引是(1, 2, 3),张量是(t0, t1, t2),则坐标是(t0[1], t1[2], t2[3])。dim (
int
,list of int
, optional) – 要近似梯度的维度或维度。默认情况下,将计算每个维度的部分梯度。请注意,当指定dim
时,spacing
参数的元素必须与指定的维度对应。
示例
>>> # Estimates the gradient of f(x)=x^2 at points [-2, -1, 2, 4] >>> coordinates = (torch.tensor([-2., -1., 1., 4.]),) >>> values = torch.tensor([4., 1., 1., 16.], ) >>> torch.gradient(values, spacing = coordinates) (tensor([-3., -2., 2., 5.]),) >>> # Estimates the gradient of the R^2 -> R function whose samples are >>> # described by the tensor t. Implicit coordinates are [0, 1] for the outermost >>> # dimension and [0, 1, 2, 3] for the innermost dimension, and function estimates >>> # partial derivative for both dimensions. >>> t = torch.tensor([[1, 2, 4, 8], [10, 20, 40, 80]]) >>> torch.gradient(t) (tensor([[ 9., 18., 36., 72.], [ 9., 18., 36., 72.]]), tensor([[ 1.0000, 1.5000, 3.0000, 4.0000], [10.0000, 15.0000, 30.0000, 40.0000]])) >>> # A scalar value for spacing modifies the relationship between tensor indices >>> # and input coordinates by multiplying the indices to find the >>> # coordinates. For example, below the indices of the innermost >>> # 0, 1, 2, 3 translate to coordinates of [0, 2, 4, 6], and the indices of >>> # the outermost dimension 0, 1 translate to coordinates of [0, 2]. >>> torch.gradient(t, spacing = 2.0) # dim = None (implicitly [0, 1]) (tensor([[ 4.5000, 9.0000, 18.0000, 36.0000], [ 4.5000, 9.0000, 18.0000, 36.0000]]), tensor([[ 0.5000, 0.7500, 1.5000, 2.0000], [ 5.0000, 7.5000, 15.0000, 20.0000]])) >>> # doubling the spacing between samples halves the estimated partial gradients. >>> >>> # Estimates only the partial derivative for dimension 1 >>> torch.gradient(t, dim = 1) # spacing = None (implicitly 1.) (tensor([[ 1.0000, 1.5000, 3.0000, 4.0000], [10.0000, 15.0000, 30.0000, 40.0000]]),) >>> # When spacing is a list of scalars, the relationship between the tensor >>> # indices and input coordinates changes based on dimension. >>> # For example, below, the indices of the innermost dimension 0, 1, 2, 3 translate >>> # to coordinates of [0, 3, 6, 9], and the indices of the outermost dimension >>> # 0, 1 translate to coordinates of [0, 2]. >>> torch.gradient(t, spacing = [3., 2.]) (tensor([[ 4.5000, 9.0000, 18.0000, 36.0000], [ 4.5000, 9.0000, 18.0000, 36.0000]]), tensor([[ 0.3333, 0.5000, 1.0000, 1.3333], [ 3.3333, 5.0000, 10.0000, 13.3333]])) >>> # The following example is a replication of the previous one with explicit >>> # coordinates. >>> coords = (torch.tensor([0, 2]), torch.tensor([0, 3, 6, 9])) >>> torch.gradient(t, spacing = coords) (tensor([[ 4.5000, 9.0000, 18.0000, 36.0000], [ 4.5000, 9.0000, 18.0000, 36.0000]]), tensor([[ 0.3333, 0.5000, 1.0000, 1.3333], [ 3.3333, 5.0000, 10.0000, 13.3333]]))